Do MENA countries practice digital diplomacy? An analysis of their embassies’ websites in Spain

This research carries out an analysis of the websites published by MENA countries’ embassies with a presence in Spain, order to understand whether they practice digital diplomacy. Such activity is low-cost, wide-ranging public diplomacy tool. The covers two-year period (2020-2022) that coincides Covid-19 pandemic, context prompted digitization many sectors. article contributes literature on Arab and Israeli diplomacy, as well practiced embassies. Specifically, this exploratory examines webpages press notes four embassies, including Saudi Arabia, Israel, Morocco, Qatar. These countries were chosen because have most robust Spanish, together fact whose governments pioneered use Twitter instrument topics interpretations provided these embassies’ websites. A discourse methodology references original sources applied. Topics are classified into types diplomacy: media cultural niche nation branding. conclusion studied neglect their missing opportunities it represents. apparently digitized group errors often only publish messages from respective foreign ministries, focusing regional internal issues rather than bilateral relationship Spain. especially true Arabia